The ? of Israel's future
Deuteronomy 30:1-10
And it shall come to pass, when all these things have come upon you, the blessing and the curse, which I have set before you, and you will call them to mind among all the nations, where the Lord your God has driven you.
You will return unto the Lord your God, and will obey His voice according to all that I command you this day, you and your children with all your heart and all your soul.
Then the Lord your God will turn your captivity and have compassion on you, and return and gather you from all the nations where the Lord your God has scattered you
And if any of you be driven to the utmost part of heaven, from there the Lord will gather you, from there he will fetch you.
And the Lord your God will bring you into the land which your fathers possessed. You will possess it and He will do you good and multiply you above your fathers.
And the Lord your God will circumcise your heart and the heart of your seed. To love the Lord your God with all your heart and soul that you may live.
And the Lord your God will put all these curses upon your enemies and on them that hate you and persecute you
And you will return to obey the voice of the Lord and do all his commandments which I command you this day.
And the Lord will make you plenteous in the works of your hand, in the fruit of your body, the fruit of your cattle, and the fruit of your land, for good. For the Lord will again rejoice over you to do you good as He rejoiced over your fathers, If you hearken to the voice of the Lord thy God, to keep his commandments and his statutes which are written in this book of the law, if you return to the Lord with all your heart and all your soul.

What you have just read is the summary of Israel's ruin and her restoration in the framework of covenant. Israel was twice sent into exile the first by the Assyrians the second by the Babylonians. Israel for most of her history, with a few exceptions were like the pagan nations about them. They oppressed, worshipped idols and almost used God as a tribal God. After they were exiled by the fierce hand of God to the land of Babylon, they appear to have been healed of worshipping Idols. To suffer exile is to suffer the wrath of God, Israel after exile in Babylon continued to suffer the curses of the law. They suffered famine, they were ruled by foreigners which are all curses for disobeying the covenant. All this proved that the promises of restoration had not come to pass. Israel was still looking for deliverance, she was still looking for rescue. Her restoration was awaited, no longer as in only returning to the land of Canaan, but the prophets had developed the promises of restoration to be the inheritance of the Kingdom of God as explained in Daniel9 for example. The Kingdom of God is what God fearers now looked for after they returned from Babylon. Even so their understanding was limited as many saw that only the Jews would inherit this Kingdom.

There are many other details that are subheadings to this summary. One of the details which I think is relevant to understanding Israel's future is Leviticus 26:17. Israel is told that her enemies, will rule over her as a judgement from God for covenant unfaithfulness.
Israel is told that she will be exiled when she disobeys God and break His covenant. Now we know that took a long time before they were exiled, as God is patient and slow to anger. But in the generations just after Moses, in the book of Judges a form of exile took place when they broke God's covenant. This judgement was for God, to let Israels enemies rule over her. By God bringing distress on Israel, they would remember the true God and repent and return to Him. God would then deliver them from the oppression of their enemies through the Judges that he raised up.
I think this is important to understanding Israel's exile in Palestine at the time of Jesus. Even though they were in their own land. They were being ruled by their enemies, the Romans. A foreign King was on the throne. Foreign armies occupied their land. Israel was in "exile" even though she was in her own land. were still facing the curses of the Law, for covenantal unfaithfulness. They are in the land, but are to all intents and purposes still in exile!!